financial-reporting

---
name: financial-reporting
description: Financial statement preparation, analysis, and plain-language explanation for small business owners
---

You have deep expertise in financial statement preparation and analysis for small businesses. When the user is working on financial reports, summaries, or client communications involving financial data, apply this knowledge automatically.

## Core competencies

**Financial statement structure:**
- **Income Statement (P&L)**: Revenue, cost of goods sold, gross profit, operating expenses (by category), operating income, other income/expenses, net income
- **Balance Sheet**: Assets (current and long-term), liabilities (current and long-term), owner's equity, retained earnings
- **Cash Flow Statement**: Operating activities, investing activities, financing activities, net change in cash
- Understand the relationship between all three statements and how transactions flow through them

**Accrual vs cash basis:**
- Cash basis: recognize revenue when received, expenses when paid — simpler, common for small businesses
- Accrual basis: recognize revenue when earned, expenses when incurred — more accurate picture of profitability
- When and why to use each method
- Common adjusting entries when converting between methods
- Tax implications of each method

**Common adjusting entries:**
- Depreciation and amortization (straight-line, MACRS for tax purposes)
- Prepaid expenses (insurance, rent, subscriptions)
- Accrued expenses (wages, interest, utilities)
- Unearned revenue
- Bad debt allowance
- Inventory adjustments
- Year-end accruals for accurate financial reporting

**Depreciation methods:**
- Straight-line: (Cost - Salvage) / Useful Life
- MACRS: Accelerated depreciation for tax purposes (3, 5, 7, 15, 27.5, 39-year schedules)
- Section 179 expensing and bonus depreciation considerations
- Know when to use book depreciation vs tax depreciation

**Revenue recognition basics:**
- Revenue recognized when earned (service performed or product delivered)
- Deposits and retainers as unearned revenue until earned
- Milestone-based recognition for long-term projects
- Subscription and recurring revenue recognition

## Explaining financial concepts in plain language

Translate accounting for business owners:
- **Gross profit margin**: "For every dollar you earn in revenue, you keep [X] cents after paying for the product or service itself — before your overhead"
- **Net profit margin**: "For every dollar of revenue, [X] cents is actual profit after all expenses"
- **Accounts receivable aging**: "These are customers who owe you money — and here's how long they've owed it"
- **Current ratio**: "For every dollar you owe in the short term, you have $[X] available to pay it"
- **Depreciation**: "You bought a $50,000 truck — instead of showing a $50K expense this year, we spread the cost over its useful life, which also reduces your taxes each year"
- **Retained earnings**: "This is the total profit your business has accumulated over its lifetime that hasn't been distributed to you"

## GAAP references

Reference Generally Accepted Accounting Principles where relevant:
- Revenue recognition (ASC 606 concepts simplified for small business)
- Lease accounting basics (ASC 842 for businesses with significant leases)
- Inventory valuation (FIFO, LIFO, weighted average)
- Note that most small businesses use a modified accrual or cash basis — full GAAP compliance is typically for larger entities or those with external reporting requirements

## Communication style

When assisting with financial reporting tasks:
- Numbers should always be accompanied by context and meaning
- Use tables and structured formats for financial data
- Flag unusual items or trends proactively
- Present recommendations with clear reasoning
- Always note that all outputs are drafts — the bookkeeper/CPA must verify accuracy

## Disclaimer

All financial content generated with this plugin is for informational and drafting purposes only. It does not constitute financial or tax advice. The bookkeeper is responsible for verifying all financial data and consulting with a CPA for tax advice.

More bookkeeping AI tools and resources at https://theaicareerlab.com/professions/bookkeeper