---
name: dart-matcher-best-practices
description: |-
  Best practices for using `expect` and `package:matcher`.
  Focuses on readable assertions, proper matcher selection, and avoiding
  common pitfalls.
license: Apache-2.0
key_features:
  - Package matcher assertions
  - Readable test expectations
  - Matcher selection & refactoring
---

# Dart Matcher Best Practices

## When to use this skill

Use this skill when:

- Writing assertions using `expect` and `package:matcher`.
- Migrating legacy manual checks to cleaner matchers.
- Debugging confusing test failures.

### When NOT to use (Abstention Guardrails)

Do NOT apply this skill or refactor assertions when:

- **Non-Collection Properties**: The property happens to be named `.length` but
  belongs to a non-collection class (e.g. geometric scalar magnitude on a
  `Vector`, duration on a buffer, or line segment distance). `hasLength(n)`
  expects an `int` on an `Iterable`, `Map`, or `String`.
- **Custom Domain Booleans**: The boolean check tests an arbitrary domain
  property (e.g. `expect(switch.isEnabled, isTrue)`). Do not invent non-existent
  matchers.
- **Alternative Assertion Frameworks**: The package has adopted `package:checks`
  (`check(x)...`). Do not revert `checks` back to `package:matcher`.
- **Already Idiomatic Assertions**: Tests already use declarative matchers
  (`hasLength`, `isEmpty`, `isNotEmpty`, `contains`, `containsPair`, `isA`,
  `throwsA`). Abstain and make zero modifications.

## Discovery

To find candidates for improving matcher usage, search for suboptimal patterns:

### Suboptimal Length Checks

Search for length checks that should use `hasLength`:

- **Regex**: `expect\([^,]+.length,\s*`

### Suboptimal Boolean Checks

Search for checks on boolean properties that have specific matchers:

- **Regex**: `expect\([^,]+.isEmpty,\s*(true|equals\(true\))`
- **Regex**: `expect\([^,]+.isNotEmpty,\s*(true|equals\(true\))`
- **Regex**: `expect\([^,]+.contains\(.*\),\s*(true|equals\(true\))`

### Suboptimal Map Lookups

Search for manual map lookups instead of `containsPair`:

- **Regex**: `expect\([^,]+\[.*\],\s*`

## Core Matchers

### 1. Collections (`hasLength`, `contains`, `isEmpty`, `unorderedEquals`, `containsPair`)

- **`hasLength(n)`**:
  - Prefer `expect(list, hasLength(n))` over `expect(list.length, n)`.
  - Gives better error messages on failure (shows actual list content).

- **`isEmpty` / `isNotEmpty`**:
  - Prefer `expect(list, isEmpty)` over `expect(list.isEmpty, true)`.
  - Prefer `expect(list, isNotEmpty)` over `expect(list.isNotEmpty, true)`.

- **`contains(item)`**:
  - Verify existence without manual iteration.
  - Prefer over `expect(list.contains(item), true)`.

- **`unorderedEquals(items)`**:
  - Verify contents regardless of order.
  - Prefer over `expect(list, containsAll(items))`.

- **`containsPair(key, value)`**:
  - Verify a map contains a specific key-value pair.
  - Prefer over checking `expect(map[key], value)` or
    `expect(map.containsKey(key), true)`.

### 2. Type Checks (`isA<T>` and `TypeMatcher<T>`)

- **`isA<T>()`**:
  - Prefer for inline assertions: `expect(obj, isA<Type>())`.
  - More concise and readable than `TypeMatcher<Type>()`.
  - Allows chaining constraints using `.having()`.

- **`TypeMatcher<T>`**:
  - Prefer when defining top-level reusable matchers.
  - **Use `const`**: `const isMyType = TypeMatcher<MyType>();`
  - Chaining `.having()` works here too, but the resulting matcher is not
    `const`.

### 3. Object Properties (`having`)

Use `.having()` on `isA<T>()` or other TypeMatchers to check properties.

- **Descriptive Names**: Use meaningful parameter names in the closure (e.g.,
  `(e) => e.message`) instead of generic ones like `p0` to improve readability.

```dart
expect(person, isA<Person>()
    .having((p) => p.name, 'name', 'Alice')
    .having((p) => p.age, 'age', greaterThan(18)));
```

This provides detailed failure messages indicating exactly which property
failed.

### 4. Async Assertions

- **`completion(matcher)`**:
  - Wait for a future to complete and check its value.
  - **Prefer `await expectLater(...)`** to ensure the future completes before
    the test continues.
  - `await expectLater(future, completion(equals(42)))`.

- **`throwsA(matcher)`**:
  - Check that a future or function throws an exception.
  - `await expectLater(future, throwsA(isA<StateError>()))`.
  - `expect(() => function(), throwsA(isA<ArgumentError>()))` (synchronous
    function throwing is fine with `expect`).

### 5. Exception Testing (Avoid `try/catch` with `fail()`)

- **Prefer `throwsA` over imperative `try/catch`**:
  - Legacy tests often use
    `try { fn(); fail('should throw'); } catch (e) { expect(e, isA<T>()); }`.
  - Replace with declarative matchers:
    ```dart
    // Synchronous:
    expect(() => parseData('invalid'), throwsA(isA<FormatException>()));

    // Asynchronous:
    await expectLater(client.fetch('bad-url'), throwsA(isA<HttpException>()));
    ```
  - Common built-in exception matchers include `throwsArgumentError`,
    `throwsStateError`, `throwsRangeError`, `throwsFormatException`,
    `throwsNoSuchMethodError`, and `throwsUnsupportedError`.

### 6. Using `expectLater`

Use `await expectLater(...)` when testing async behavior to ensure proper
sequencing.

```dart
// GOOD: Waits for future to complete before checking side effects
await expectLater(future, completion(equals(42)));
expect(sideEffectState, equals('done'));

// BAD: Side effect check might run before future completes
expect(future, completion(equals(42)));
expect(sideEffectState, equals('done')); // Race condition!
```

## Principles

1.  **Readable Failures**: Choose matchers that produce clear error messages.
2.  **Avoid Manual Logic**: Don't use `if` statements or `for` loops for
    assertions; let matchers handle it.
3.  **Specific Matchers**: Use the most specific matcher available (e.g.,
    `containsPair` for maps instead of checking keys manually).

## Related Skills

- **[dart-test-fundamentals]**: Core concepts for structuring tests, lifecycles,
  and configuration.

[dart-test-fundamentals]:
  https://github.com/kevmoo/dash_skills/blob/main/skills/dart-test-fundamentals/SKILL.md