{"slug":"azure-postgres-ts","title":"azure-postgres-ts","summary":"Connect to Azure Database for PostgreSQL Flexible Server from Node.js/TypeScript using the pg (node-postgres) package. Use for PostgreSQL queries, connection pooling, transactions, and Microsoft Entra ID (passwordless) authentication. Triggers: \"PostgreSQL\", \"postgres\", \"pg clien","platform":"GitHub Copilot","tags":[],"authorName":"Ciza","authorSlug":"ciza","score":0,"source":"github","price":null,"verified":false,"createdAt":"2026-08-12T21:05:17.545899Z","repo":{"url":"https://github.com/microsoft/skills","stars":3052,"forks":351,"license":"MIT","updatedAt":"2026-09-24T16:38:17Z"},"bodyHtml":"
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name: azure-postgres-ts\ndescription: |\nConnect to Azure Database for PostgreSQL Flexible Server from Node.js/TypeScript using the pg (node-postgres) package. Use for PostgreSQL queries, connection pooling, transactions, and Microsoft Entra ID (passwordless) authentication. Triggers: \"PostgreSQL\", \"postgres\", \"pg client\", \"node-postgres\", \"Azure PostgreSQL connection\", \"PostgreSQL TypeScript\", \"pg Pool\", \"passwordless postgres\".\nlicense: MIT\nmetadata:\nauthor: Microsoft\nversion: \"1.0.0\"\npackage: pg

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Azure PostgreSQL for TypeScript (node-postgres)

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Connect to Azure Database for PostgreSQL Flexible Server using the pg (node-postgres) package with support for password and Microsoft Entra ID (passwordless) authentication.

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Installation

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npm install pg @azure/identity\nnpm install -D @types/pg\n
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Environment Variables

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# Required\nAZURE_POSTGRESQL_HOST=<server>.postgres.database.azure.com\nAZURE_POSTGRESQL_DATABASE=<database>\nAZURE_POSTGRESQL_PORT=5432\n\n# For password authentication\nAZURE_POSTGRESQL_USER=<username>\nAZURE_POSTGRESQL_PASSWORD=<password>\n\n# For Entra ID authentication\nAZURE_POSTGRESQL_USER=<entra-user>@<server>   # e.g., user@contoso.com\nAZURE_POSTGRESQL_CLIENTID=<managed-identity-client-id>  # For user-assigned identity\nAZURE_TOKEN_CREDENTIALS=prod # Required only if DefaultAzureCredential is used in production\n
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Authentication

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Option 1: Password Authentication

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import { Client, Pool } from \"pg\";\n\nconst client = new Client({\n  host: process.env.AZURE_POSTGRESQL_HOST,\n  database: process.env.AZURE_POSTGRESQL_DATABASE,\n  user: process.env.AZURE_POSTGRESQL_USER,\n  password: process.env.AZURE_POSTGRESQL_PASSWORD,\n  port: Number(process.env.AZURE_POSTGRESQL_PORT) || 5432,\n  ssl: { rejectUnauthorized: true }  // Required for Azure\n});\n\nawait client.connect();\n
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Option 2: Microsoft Entra ID (Passwordless) - Recommended

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import { Client, Pool } from \"pg\";\nimport { DefaultAzureCredential, ManagedIdentityCredential } from \"@azure/identity\";\n\n// Local dev: DefaultAzureCredential. Production: set AZURE_TOKEN_CREDENTIALS=prod or AZURE_TOKEN_CREDENTIALS=<specific_credential>\nconst credential = new DefaultAzureCredential({requiredEnvVars: [\"AZURE_TOKEN_CREDENTIALS\"]});\n// Or use a specific credential directly in production:\n// See https://learn.microsoft.com/javascript/api/overview/azure/identity-readme?view=azure-node-latest#credential-classes\n// const credential = new ManagedIdentityCredential();\n\n// For user-assigned managed identity\n// const credential = new DefaultAzureCredential({\n//   managedIdentityClientId: process.env.AZURE_POSTGRESQL_CLIENTID\n// });\n\n// Acquire access token for Azure PostgreSQL\nconst tokenResponse = await credential.getToken(\n  \"https://ossrdbms-aad.database.windows.net/.default\"\n);\n\nconst client = new Client({\n  host: process.env.AZURE_POSTGRESQL_HOST,\n  database: process.env.AZURE_POSTGRESQL_DATABASE,\n  user: process.env.AZURE_POSTGRESQL_USER,  // Entra ID user\n  password: tokenResponse.token,             // Token as password\n  port: Number(process.env.AZURE_POSTGRESQL_PORT) || 5432,\n  ssl: { rejectUnauthorized: true }\n});\n\nawait client.connect();\n
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Core Workflows

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1. Single Client Connection

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import { Client } from \"pg\";\n\nconst client = new Client({\n  host: process.env.AZURE_POSTGRESQL_HOST,\n  database: process.env.AZURE_POSTGRESQL_DATABASE,\n  user: process.env.AZURE_POSTGRESQL_USER,\n  password: process.env.AZURE_POSTGRESQL_PASSWORD,\n  port: 5432,\n  ssl: { rejectUnauthorized: true }\n});\n\ntry {\n  await client.connect();\n  \n  const result = await client.query(\"SELECT NOW() as current_time\");\n  console.log(result.rows[0].current_time);\n} finally {\n  await client.end();  // Always close connection\n}\n
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2. Connection Pool (Recommended for Production)

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import { Pool } from \"pg\";\n\nconst pool = new Pool({\n  host: process.env.AZURE_POSTGRESQL_HOST,\n  database: process.env.AZURE_POSTGRESQL_DATABASE,\n  user: process.env.AZURE_POSTGRESQL_USER,\n  password: process.env.AZURE_POSTGRESQL_PASSWORD,\n  port: 5432,\n  ssl: { rejectUnauthorized: true },\n  \n  // Pool configuration\n  max: 20,                    // Maximum connections in pool\n  idleTimeoutMillis: 30000,   // Close idle connections after 30s\n  connectionTimeoutMillis: 10000  // Timeout for new connections\n});\n\n// Query using pool (automatically acquires and releases connection)\nconst result = await pool.query(\"SELECT * FROM users WHERE id = $1\", [userId]);\n\n// Explicit checkout for multiple queries\nconst client = await pool.connect();\ntry {\n  const res1 = await client.query(\"SELECT * FROM users\");\n  const res2 = await client.query(\"SELECT * FROM orders\");\n} finally {\n  client.release();  // Return connection to pool\n}\n\n// Cleanup on shutdown\nawait pool.end();\n
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3. Parameterized Queries (Prevent SQL Injection)

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// ALWAYS use parameterized queries - never concatenate user input\nconst userId = 123;\nconst email = \"user@example.com\";\n\n// Single parameter\nconst result = await pool.query(\n  \"SELECT * FROM users WHERE id = $1\",\n  [userId]\n);\n\n// Multiple parameters\nconst result = await pool.query(\n  \"INSERT INTO users (email, name, created_at) VALUES ($1, $2, NOW()) RETURNING *\",\n  [email, \"John Doe\"]\n);\n\n// Array parameter\nconst ids = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5];\nconst result = await pool.query(\n  \"SELECT * FROM users WHERE id = ANY($1::int[])\",\n  [ids]\n);\n
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4. Transactions

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const client = await pool.connect();\n\ntry {\n  await client.query(\"BEGIN\");\n  \n  const userResult = await client.query(\n    \"INSERT INTO users (email) VALUES ($1) RETURNING id\",\n    [\"user@example.com\"]\n  );\n  const userId = userResult.rows[0].id;\n  \n  await client.query(\n    \"INSERT INTO orders (user_id, total) VALUES ($1, $2)\",\n    [userId, 99.99]\n  );\n  \n  await client.query(\"COMMIT\");\n} catch (error) {\n  await client.query(\"ROLLBACK\");\n  throw error;\n} finally {\n  client.release();\n}\n
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5. Transaction Helper Function

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async function withTransaction<T>(\n  pool: Pool,\n  fn: (client: PoolClient) => Promise<T>\n): Promise<T> {\n  const client = await pool.connect();\n  try {\n    await client.query(\"BEGIN\");\n    const result = await fn(client);\n    await client.query(\"COMMIT\");\n    return result;\n  } catch (error) {\n    await client.query(\"ROLLBACK\");\n    throw error;\n  } finally {\n    client.release();\n  }\n}\n\n// Usage\nconst order = await withTransaction(pool, async (client) => {\n  const user = await client.query(\n    \"INSERT INTO users (email) VALUES ($1) RETURNING *\",\n    [\"user@example.com\"]\n  );\n  const order = await client.query(\n    \"INSERT INTO orders (user_id, total) VALUES ($1, $2) RETURNING *\",\n    [user.rows[0].id, 99.99]\n  );\n  return order.rows[0];\n});\n
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6. Typed Queries with TypeScript

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import { Pool, QueryResult } from \"pg\";\n\ninterface User {\n  id: number;\n  email: string;\n  name: string;\n  created_at: Date;\n}\n\n// Type the query result\nconst result: QueryResult<User> = await pool.query<User>(\n  \"SELECT * FROM users WHERE id = $1\",\n  [userId]\n);\n\nconst user: User | undefined = result.rows[0];\n\n// Type-safe insert\nasync function createUser(\n  pool: Pool,\n  email: string,\n  name: string\n): Promise<User> {\n  const result = await pool.query<User>(\n    \"INSERT INTO users (email, name) VALUES ($1, $2) RETURNING *\",\n    [email, name]\n  );\n  return result.rows[0];\n}\n
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Pool with Entra ID Token Refresh

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For long-running applications, tokens expire and need refresh:

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import { Pool, PoolConfig } from \"pg\";\nimport { DefaultAzureCredential, AccessToken } from \"@azure/identity\";\n\nclass AzurePostgresPool {\n  private pool: Pool | null = null;\n  private credential: DefaultAzureCredential;\n  private tokenExpiry: Date | null = null;\n  private config: Omit<PoolConfig, \"password\">;\n\n  constructor(config: Omit<PoolConfig, \"password\">) {\n    this.credential = new DefaultAzureCredential({requiredEnvVars: [\"AZURE_TOKEN_CREDENTIALS\"]});\n    this.config = config;\n  }\n\n  private async getToken(): Promise<string> {\n    const tokenResponse = await this.credential.getToken(\n      \"https://ossrdbms-aad.database.windows.net/.default\"\n    );\n    this.tokenExpiry = new Date(tokenResponse.expiresOnTimestamp);\n    return tokenResponse.token;\n  }\n\n  private isTokenExpired(): boolean {\n    if (!this.tokenExpiry) return true;\n    // Refresh 5 minutes before expiry\n    return new Date() >= new Date(this.tokenExpiry.getTime() - 5 * 60 * 1000);\n  }\n\n  async getPool(): Promise<Pool> {\n    if (this.pool && !this.isTokenExpired()) {\n      return this.pool;\n    }\n\n    // Close existing pool if token expired\n    if (this.pool) {\n      await this.pool.end();\n    }\n\n    const token = await this.getToken();\n    this.pool = new Pool({\n      ...this.config,\n      password: token\n    });\n\n    return this.pool;\n  }\n\n  async query<T>(text: string, params?: any[]): Promise<QueryResult<T>> {\n    const pool = await this.getPool();\n    return pool.query<T>(text, params);\n  }\n\n  async end(): Promise<void> {\n    if (this.pool) {\n      await this.pool.end();\n      this.pool = null;\n    }\n  }\n}\n\n// Usage\nconst azurePool = new AzurePostgresPool({\n  host: process.env.AZURE_POSTGRESQL_HOST!,\n  database: process.env.AZURE_POSTGRESQL_DATABASE!,\n  user: process.env.AZURE_POSTGRESQL_USER!,\n  port: 5432,\n  ssl: { rejectUnauthorized: true },\n  max: 20\n});\n\nconst result = await azurePool.query(\"SELECT NOW()\");\n
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Error Handling

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import { DatabaseError } from \"pg\";\n\ntry {\n  await pool.query(\"INSERT INTO users (email) VALUES ($1)\", [email]);\n} catch (error) {\n  if (error instanceof DatabaseError) {\n    switch (error.code) {\n      case \"23505\":  // unique_violation\n        console.error(\"Duplicate entry:\", error.detail);\n        break;\n      case \"23503\":  // foreign_key_violation\n        console.error(\"Foreign key constraint failed:\", error.detail);\n        break;\n      case \"42P01\":  // undefined_table\n        console.error(\"Table does not exist:\", error.message);\n        break;\n      case \"28P01\":  // invalid_password\n        console.error(\"Authentication failed\");\n        break;\n      case \"57P03\":  // cannot_connect_now (server starting)\n        console.error(\"Server unavailable, retry later\");\n        break;\n      default:\n        console.error(`PostgreSQL error ${error.code}: ${error.message}`);\n    }\n  }\n  throw error;\n}\n
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Connection String Format

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// Alternative: Use connection string\nconst pool = new Pool({\n  connectionString: `postgres://${user}:${password}@${host}:${port}/${database}?sslmode=require`\n});\n\n// With SSL required (Azure)\nconst connectionString = \n  `postgres://user:password@server.postgres.database.azure.com:5432/mydb?sslmode=require`;\n
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Pool Events

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const pool = new Pool({ /* config */ });\n\npool.on(\"connect\", (client) => {\n  console.log(\"New client connected to pool\");\n});\n\npool.on(\"acquire\", (client) => {\n  console.log(\"Client checked out from pool\");\n});\n\npool.on(\"release\", (err, client) => {\n  console.log(\"Client returned to pool\");\n});\n\npool.on(\"remove\", (client) => {\n  console.log(\"Client removed from pool\");\n});\n\npool.on(\"error\", (err, client) => {\n  console.error(\"Unexpected pool error:\", err);\n});\n
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Azure-Specific Configuration

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SettingValueDescription
ssl.rejectUnauthorizedtrueAlways use SSL for Azure
Default port5432Standard PostgreSQL port
PgBouncer port6432Use when PgBouncer enabled
Token scopehttps://ossrdbms-aad.database.windows.net/.defaultEntra ID token scope
Token lifetime~1 hourRefresh before expiry
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Pool Sizing Guidelines

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WorkloadmaxidleTimeoutMillis
Light (dev/test)5-1030000
Medium (production)20-3030000
Heavy (high concurrency)50-10010000
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Note: Azure PostgreSQL has connection limits based on SKU. Check your tier's max connections.

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Best Practices

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    \n
  1. Always use connection pools for production applications
    2. \n
  2. Use parameterized queries - Never concatenate user input
    3. \n
  3. Always close connections - Use try/finally or connection pools
    4. \n
  4. Enable SSL - Required for Azure (ssl: { rejectUnauthorized: true })
    5. \n
  5. Handle token refresh - Entra ID tokens expire after ~1 hour
    6. \n
  6. Set connection timeouts - Avoid hanging on network issues
    7. \n
  7. Use transactions - For multi-statement operations
    8. \n
  8. Monitor pool metrics - Track pool.totalCount, pool.idleCount, pool.waitingCount
    9. \n
  9. Graceful shutdown - Call pool.end() on application termination
    10. \n
  10. Use TypeScript generics - Type your query results for safety
    11. \n
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Key Types

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import {\n  Client,\n  Pool,\n  PoolClient,\n  PoolConfig,\n  QueryResult,\n  QueryResultRow,\n  DatabaseError,\n  QueryConfig\n} from \"pg\";\n
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Reference Links

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ResourceURL
node-postgres Docshttps://node-postgres.com
npm Packagehttps://www.npmjs.com/package/pg
GitHub Repositoryhttps://github.com/brianc/node-postgres
Azure PostgreSQL Docshttps://learn.microsoft.com/azure/postgresql/flexible-server/
Passwordless Connectionhttps://learn.microsoft.com/azure/postgresql/flexible-server/how-to-connect-with-managed-identity
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